Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources; Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self-pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants - Procedure, advantages and limitations.
History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis; Applications.
Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge.
Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation and selection of recombinant clones, PCR mediated gene cloning; Gene Construct; construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, screening DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by genetic selection; complementation, colony hybridization; PCR
Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations); Role of transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); edible vaccines; Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease, Lipase); Gentically Engineered Products-Human Growth Hormone; Humulin; Biosafety concerns.
Study of anther, embryo and endosperm culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis & artificial seeds through photographs.
Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, through photographs.
Structure and functions of MHC molecules. Endogenous and exogenous pathways of antigen processing and presentation
Isolation of microbes (bacteria & fungi) from rhizosphere and rhizoplane.
Histological study of spleen, thymus and lymph nodes through slides/photographs
Scope of microbes in industry and environment
Solid-state and liquid-state (stationary and submerged) fermentations; Batch and continuous fermentations. Components of a typical bioreactor, Types of bioreactors-laboratory, pilotscale and production fermenters; Constantly stirred tank fermenter, tower fermenter, fixed bed and fluidized bed bioreactors and air-lift fermenter.
Microorganisms involved, media, fermentation conditions, downstream processing and uses; Filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption, solvent extraction, precipitation and ultrafiltration, lyophilization, spray drying; Microbial fermentations for the production and estimation (qualitative and quantitative) of Enzyme: amylase or lipase activity, Organic acid (citric acid or glutamic acid), alcohol (Ethanol) and antibiotic (Penicillin)
Microorganisms for industrial applications and screening microorganisms for casein hydrolysis; starch hydrolysis; cellulose hydrolysis. Methods of immobilization, advantages and applications of immobilization, large scale applications of immobilized enzymes (glucose isomerase and penicillin acylase).